a)event horizon,jets of gas, and accretion disc
b.) the gravity so strong that its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light
c.) they are collapsed stars
d.) It is the radius for a given mass where, if that mass could be compressed to fit within that radius, no known force or degeneracy pressure could stop it from continuing to collapse into a gravitational singularity
Monday, October 13, 2008
Monday, September 29, 2008
Sun Spots
In Aztec myths there is a legend of creation saying that there was a god with a scabby, pock-marked face who sacrificed himself to create the sun, which suggest that they saw spots on the sun. Galileo turned his telescope towards the sun and said that there were spots on it, and all of the European astronomers were puzzled. The discovery was ground breaking. The credit is usually shared by Johann Goldsmid of Holland, Galileo Galilei of Italy, Christopher Schiener of Germany, and Thomas Herriot of England all of whom said they saw sun spots at some point in 1611. By observing the sun for a period of time Galileo saw that the sun spots got smaller in size as they approached the visible edge of the sun. He figured that this could not happen if the spots were moons or planets moving between the earth and the sun.
Sunspots are made up of two parts: a dark, roughly circular central disk called the umbra, and a lighter outer area called the penumbra. The sun spot is essentially a part of the sun which is cooler than the area surrounding it. The reason that the sun spot is cooler is because of a magnetic field which hinders the transportation of heat from the sun. A sun spot has an average temperature of 4000 degrees Kelvin. The magnetic field has the power to cool down the surface of the sun by one third. An average sized sun spot is measured to be about the size of the earth. For over 150 years we've known that sun spots appear in cycles, increasing and decreasing on a regular cycle of between 9.5 to 11 years, on average about 10.8 years. Heinrich Schwabe was an amateur astronomer when he figured the cycle, he noted this in 1843.
Sunspots are made up of two parts: a dark, roughly circular central disk called the umbra, and a lighter outer area called the penumbra. The sun spot is essentially a part of the sun which is cooler than the area surrounding it. The reason that the sun spot is cooler is because of a magnetic field which hinders the transportation of heat from the sun. A sun spot has an average temperature of 4000 degrees Kelvin. The magnetic field has the power to cool down the surface of the sun by one third. An average sized sun spot is measured to be about the size of the earth. For over 150 years we've known that sun spots appear in cycles, increasing and decreasing on a regular cycle of between 9.5 to 11 years, on average about 10.8 years. Heinrich Schwabe was an amateur astronomer when he figured the cycle, he noted this in 1843.
Wilson and Penzias vs. Davis and Bahcall
I think that serendipity played a role in the discovery of the two topics discussed. It was just luck. Wilson and Penzias could have worked for 40 years they just got lucky and didn't have to.
Nobel Prizes tend to favor the experimentalists. Bachall didn't win the prize he was the theorist.
Nobel Prizes tend to favor the experimentalists. Bachall didn't win the prize he was the theorist.
Thursday, September 25, 2008
Types of Telescopes Chandra
a)the EM radiation range targeted by the following telescopes (there may be more than one)
X-Rays
b) a picture generated by this telescope (or, if it is a prototype, a schematic of the design)
c) how old the light coming into the telescope is, in light years or light minutes
d) if the telescope uses mirrors, CCDs, lenses, or a combination of all.
It uses mirrors.
X-Rays
b) a picture generated by this telescope (or, if it is a prototype, a schematic of the design)
c) how old the light coming into the telescope is, in light years or light minutes
d) if the telescope uses mirrors, CCDs, lenses, or a combination of all.
It uses mirrors.
Monday, September 22, 2008
Reflecting vs. Refratcing Telescopes
1.) In Newton's telescope you could see the color spectrum.
2.) It was showing that the earth wasn't the center of the universe like everyone had previously thought and the church didn't want to believe that.
3.) It paved the way for future astronomers.
4.) Changed the way we look at the solar system
opened the door to be able to research more things
allowed us to look at space more clearly
2.) It was showing that the earth wasn't the center of the universe like everyone had previously thought and the church didn't want to believe that.
3.) It paved the way for future astronomers.
4.) Changed the way we look at the solar system
opened the door to be able to research more things
allowed us to look at space more clearly
Notes on Stellar Spectra
1.) A hydrogen light spectra are more likely to appear on earth.
2.) Closer stars because the difference in position is more noticeable.
3.) Apparent brightness
4.) Hydrogen, many atoms fuse together to make helium which burns very hot and the interactions keep multiplying as more and more helium atoms are made, throwing off a hydrogen atom.
5.) Intensity is how bright the star appears and magnitude is how bright it actually is.
2.) Closer stars because the difference in position is more noticeable.
3.) Apparent brightness
4.) Hydrogen, many atoms fuse together to make helium which burns very hot and the interactions keep multiplying as more and more helium atoms are made, throwing off a hydrogen atom.
5.) Intensity is how bright the star appears and magnitude is how bright it actually is.
Escaping the Sun
Part A
Layers Interactions
5 22
10 212
15 182
20 265
25 822
As the number of layers goes up the number of interactions usually goes up. The only exception is for 15 layers. I don't see a linear or exponential pattern in the numbers.
Part B
Layers Interactions
5 30
10 99
15 250
20 408
25 639
The number of interactions went up per layer. More accurate because the more points of data you have to test the more accurate your results will be.
Part C
Energy(eV) Wavelength(NW) Photons sent: Photons Detected
1.5 828 15:12
1.8 690 15:11
2.0 621 15:10
2.3 540 15:11
2.5 497 15:12
1.) It gets smaller.
2.) The number increases consistently with the exception of the wavelength of 2.0, where it decreased then resumed getting larger.
Part D
Energy(eV) Wavelength(NW) Gas Atom Photons sent: Photons Detected
2.2 565 O 15:4
2.2 565 Mg 15:13
2.2 565 Na 15:9
2.2 565 Ca 15:13
1.) The different gas atoms have different consistences and that will effect the number of photons detected.
2.) A line spectra would have to be seen as if the element was used as a light bulb.
3.) Yes you would get the same patterns because the elements are still the same you would just have a higher wavelength.
Layers Interactions
5 22
10 212
15 182
20 265
25 822
As the number of layers goes up the number of interactions usually goes up. The only exception is for 15 layers. I don't see a linear or exponential pattern in the numbers.
Part B
Layers Interactions
5 30
10 99
15 250
20 408
25 639
The number of interactions went up per layer. More accurate because the more points of data you have to test the more accurate your results will be.
Part C
Energy(eV) Wavelength(NW) Photons sent: Photons Detected
1.5 828 15:12
1.8 690 15:11
2.0 621 15:10
2.3 540 15:11
2.5 497 15:12
1.) It gets smaller.
2.) The number increases consistently with the exception of the wavelength of 2.0, where it decreased then resumed getting larger.
Part D
Energy(eV) Wavelength(NW) Gas Atom Photons sent: Photons Detected
2.2 565 O 15:4
2.2 565 Mg 15:13
2.2 565 Na 15:9
2.2 565 Ca 15:13
1.) The different gas atoms have different consistences and that will effect the number of photons detected.
2.) A line spectra would have to be seen as if the element was used as a light bulb.
3.) Yes you would get the same patterns because the elements are still the same you would just have a higher wavelength.
Friday, September 12, 2008
Annie Cannon and the Spectra
As of right now i would like to go to college and end up running my own business.
Thursday, September 11, 2008
What is it?
To me it sounds like a nuclear blast.
1. The way the patterns look and the how powerful the blast was sounds similar to what happened in Japan.
2. A UFO sounds ridiculous.
3. The way certain things are flattened and the amount of radiation sounds like a nuclear bomb.
1. The way the patterns look and the how powerful the blast was sounds similar to what happened in Japan.
2. A UFO sounds ridiculous.
3. The way certain things are flattened and the amount of radiation sounds like a nuclear bomb.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Cell Phones- Cell phones have become a way to do many things. Without my phone I wouldn't be able to keep in touch with many of my friends or family. It makes life more convienent and accessable. With all of the things you can do with cell phones now many people would be lost with out them.
Friday, August 22, 2008
Famous Astronomers
Aristotle- Was born in384 BC and died in 322 BC.
-He studied the phases of the moon and knew that the sun had to be farther away than the moon.
-He studied the phases of the moon and knew that the sun had to be farther away than the moon.
Astronomy Book
Hipparchus- Born in 162 BC and died in 126 BC.
- He discovered the procession of the equinoxes, founded trigonometry, and he also created the first star catalog.
Hipparchus- Born in 162 BC and died in 126 BC.
- He discovered the procession of the equinoxes, founded trigonometry, and he also created the first star catalog.
http://www.bookrags.com/biography/hipparchus/
Ptolemy- No one is positive of his exact birth and death date but they range from March 127 BC and February 141. There have been speculations that his life lasted anywhere from 87 to 150 years.
- He classified and calculated the way the planets moved as they were known in his time.
- Almagest was a 13 book explanation of how astronomy worked. In that works he also included a star catalog that had 48 constellations , and all of the names are still in use today.
Ptolemy- No one is positive of his exact birth and death date but they range from March 127 BC and February 141. There have been speculations that his life lasted anywhere from 87 to 150 years.
- He classified and calculated the way the planets moved as they were known in his time.
- Almagest was a 13 book explanation of how astronomy worked. In that works he also included a star catalog that had 48 constellations , and all of the names are still in use today.
http://space.about.com/cs/astronomerbios/a/ptolemybio.htm
Carl Sagan- Born in 1934 and died in 1996.
- He was the co-founder of The Planetary Society.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html
Stephen Hawking- Born January 8, 1942.
- Along with Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking took Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and implied that space started with the Big Bang and would end with black holes.
Carl Sagan- Born in 1934 and died in 1996.
- He was the co-founder of The Planetary Society.http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html
Stephen Hawking- Born January 8, 1942.
- Along with Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking took Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and implied that space started with the Big Bang and would end with black holes.
- He changed the yearly calander into what we know today.
- He measured the diameter of Alpha Orinis, it was the very first measurement of a star. 
- He discovered the radiation belts circling Earth.
- He created Uranographia and it is a collection of star maps that held many more than previous collections. - He also came up with as formula to express that relative distances of the solar system planets from the sun.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Bode-Joh.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Bode-Joh.html
Copernicus- 1473-1543
- Played a leading role in presenting the idea that the earth revolved around the sun.- He laid the foundations for Galileo and Kepler upon which they built on effectively in the next century.Astronomy Book
Tycho Brahe- 1546-1601
- At Hven he made a continuous record of the positions of the sun, moon, and planets for almost 20 years. Astronomy Book
Galileo Galiei- 1564-1642
- Using the telescope he discovered the moons of Jupiter and also the phases of Venus.http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/galileo.html
- He improved upon the very fist telescope.
- He also found that the moon was not smooth, but pitted and had mountains.
- Using his telescope he also studied sun spots on the sun.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/galileo.html
-He made the observation that the planets were discs and not pinpoints of light.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.html
Isaac Newton- 1642-1727
- He was the first person to explain tides scientifically.
- He developed The Three Laws of Motion http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/glossary/Newton.shtml
Edwin Hubble- 1889-1953
- He determined how far away the Milky Way was and also a few other galaxies.
http://www.edwinhubble.com/hubble_bio_001.htm
- Using his telescope he also studied sun spots on the sun.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/galileo.html
-He made the observation that the planets were discs and not pinpoints of light.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.html
Isaac Newton- 1642-1727
- He was the first person to explain tides scientifically.- He developed The Three Laws of Motion http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/glossary/Newton.shtml
Edwin Hubble- 1889-1953
- He determined how far away the Milky Way was and also a few other galaxies.http://www.edwinhubble.com/hubble_bio_001.htm
Albert Einstein- 1879-1955
- He determined how the max speed of light effects measurements of time and space
- He determined how the max speed of light effects measurements of time and spaceJohannes Kepler- 1571-1630
- He was the first to correctly explain how the planets moved and he then became the "founder of celestial science"
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Johannes_Kepler.htm
- He was the first to correctly explain how the planets moved and he then became the "founder of celestial science"http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Johannes_Kepler.htm
Clyde Tombaugh- 1907-1997
- He discovered Pluto
http://www.icstars.com/HTML/icstars/graphics/clyde.htm
- He discovered Plutohttp://www.icstars.com/HTML/icstars/graphics/clyde.htm
Annie Cannon- 1863-1941
- She classified more than 500,000 stars
http://www.inventions.org/culture/science/women/cannon.html
- She classified more than 500,000 starshttp://www.inventions.org/culture/science/women/cannon.html
Robert Wilson- 1936-
- He won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1978
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-autobio.html
- He won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1978http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-autobio.html
S. Chandrasekhar- 1910-1995
- Created theoretical white dwarf stars
http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/schandrasekhar.htm
- Created theoretical white dwarf starshttp://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/schandrasekhar.htm
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